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Operations research is an interdisciplinary science that develops scientific methods for modeling and solving decision-making problems. Arguably, the two most established and commonly practiced OR methodologies are mathematical programming (also called optimization) and discrete-event system simulation (called simulation). Mathematical programming describes a decision problem as decision variables and as mathematical functions of variables that capture the objective and problem constraints. For dynamic systems that are too complex to allow exact, closed-form solutions in continuous time, simulation can identify and describe events of interest and model their occurrences at discrete points in time. Python can glue together independent software environments to improve the software development cycle for sophisticated operations-research applications, which integrate different modeling methodologies.

In search of ways to quantify the sustainability and environmental load imposed by the automobile industry, a lifecycle process analysis evaluating of an automobile from raw material extraction through end-of-life disposal and recycling is the subject of this research. Upstream factors such as the environmental work in producing raw material inputs of metal ores and fossil energy sources must be included in accounting for total energy requirements to make an industrial product such as the automobile. By the definition of sustainability, the future should not be compromised by the present. This analysis also includes the downstream effects of emissions and pollution which contribute to environmental deterioration, loss of biodiversity and cost to human health. The emergy analysis (EMA) method uses environmental accounting techniques, based on laws of thermodynamics, to express all flows of energy and matter in terms of the solar equivalent energy that was required to make a product or service. This allows all components of the system to be aggregated and compared based on common units. The results will provide an accurate representation of the cumulative energy requirements to sustain the cradle-to-grave life cycle of an automobile. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Biotechnology has become one of the primary technology development areas of the 21st century. For a medical device or pharmaceutical manufacturer to remain on the competitive edge, not only is it necessary to satisfy the stringent demands of the biotechnology markets, but those companies must also develop processes that can accelerate the time frame from research and development to manufacturing and actual marketing of the medical products. The allotted time for product development is extremely critical in the manufacture of high tech biomedical products such as medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and artificial tissues. Biomanufacturing, therefore, is defined as the design, development, implementation and management of systems for the production of products that are integrated into or interact with human systems. This relatively new manufacturing field is anticipated to be an important area for Industrial Engineering, as it involves products that are expensive, complex, contain rapidly changing technology and are relatively difficult to manufacture on a large-scale [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]